This study suggests that an increase in calcium intake slightly reduces both systolic and diastolic blood pressure in normotensive people, particularly in young people.

Therapeutic administration of 5-HTP has been shown to be effective in treating a wide variety of conditions, including depression, fibromyalgia, binge eating associated with obesity, chronic headaches, and insomnia.

Repeated-measures analysis revealed a significant improvement of depressive symptoms during the 50-mg 5-HTP treatment compared with placebo as assessed by the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale.

Treatment with L-5-hydroxytryptophan can modulate children's arousal level and induce a long-term improvement of sleep terrors.

A significant anxiety reduction was observed on three different anxiety scales. It is suggested that 5-HT systems may be involved in anxiety mediation.

Significant weight loss was observed in 5-HTP-treated patients. A reduction in carbohydrate intake and a consistent presence of early satiety were also found. Together with the good tolerance observed, these findings suggest that 5-HTP may be safely used to treat obesity.

Piperine increases the bioavailability of different drugs ranging from 30% to 200%. Subsequent research has shown that it increases curcumin bioavailability by almost ten-fold.

In a single pilot study on 46 men with low-sperm count, ashwagandha supplementation appeared to increase sperm count & volume.

Overweight men aged 40–70 years with mild fatigue were given a placebo or an ashwagandha extract for eight weeks.

Five studies concluded that ashwagandha intervention resulted in greater score improvements (significantly in most cases) than placebo in anxiety or stress scale outcomes.

This study confirms that Ashwagandha root extract can improve sleep quality and help manage insomnia. All study participants tolerated Ashwagandha root extract well, irrespective of their health condition and age.

Administration of Ashwagandha (Noogandha) supplements daily improves physiological, cognitive, and psychological stress response over a 30-day period.

A study suggests that chronic beetroot juice supplementation reduces post-exercise perceived muscle soreness and maintains better performance during the recovery period in soccer players.

Beetroot might be ergogenic during repeated bouts of short-duration maximal-intensity exercise interspersed with short recovery periods, but not necessarily during longer intervals or when a more extended recovery duration is applied.

In human studies to date, beetroot supplementation has been reported to reduce systolic and diastolic blood pressure, inhibit platelet aggregation, improve vascular and endothelial function, reduce blood glucose and improve insulin homeostasis, and possess reno-protective properties.

A study suggests that dietary nitrate may be useful in improving regional brain perfusion in older adults in critical brain areas known to be involved in executive functioning.

One of the potential candidates against the SARS-CoV-2 virus may be Inonotus obliquus (IO), also known as Chaga mushroom.

Chaga might be a potential anti-fatigue pharmacological agent.

Substances from Chaga have been shown to stimulate the immune system. The most promising finding was the demonstration that Chaga has hypoglycemic and insulin sensitivity potential.

In the previous studies investigating the anti-allergic effects of fractionated Chaga mushroom extracts, scientists have found evidence that purified inotodiol holds an activity to suppress the mast cell function in vivo.

CoQ10 positively affects antioxidant defense against oxidizing agents and elevates antioxidant enzyme levels in the body.

CoQ10 shows an enhanced potential to lower cardiovascular disease risk in diabetic patients by reducing total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein. Moreover, the beneficial effects of CoQ10 in lowering cardiovascular disease risk are associated with its ameliorative properties against oxidative stress and improving endothelial health.

Oral supplementation of CoQ10 may increase clinical pregnancy compared with a placebo or no treatment in women with infertility undergoing assisted reproductive technologies procedures without affecting live birth and miscarriage rates (MR).

CoQ10 has properties related to bioenergetic and antioxidant activity; thus, it is intimately involved in energy production and the prevention of peroxidative damage to membrane phospholipids and free radical-induced oxidation. These properties make it suitable as a dietary supplement to improve cellular bioenergetics and inhibit specific age-related pathologies.

Ginkgo biloba extract can stabilize or slow decline in cognition, function, behavior, and global change at 22-26 weeks in cognitive impairment and dementia, especially for patients with neuropsychiatric symptoms.

Ginkgo has been shown to affect female reproductive functions: it can affect ovarian folliculogenesis and oogenesis, embryogenesis, promote ovarian granulosa cell apoptosis, reduce their proliferation, and release ovarian hormones.

Ginkgo biloba may have a beneficial effect on cardiometabolic parameters in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

A meta-analysis results suggest that Ginkgo biloba use was associated with an improvement in neurological function among individuals with Acute Ischemic Stroke (AIS) with a reduction of 2.87 points on the National Institute of Health Stroke Scale score.

Mechanisms of ginkgo biloba neuroprotection were reported as anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidative, and anti-inflammatory. Ginkgo biloba exerts a significant protective effect on experimental focal cerebral ischemia.

Based on a study, ingestion of hydrolyzed collagen for 90 days effectively reduces skin aging, reducing wrinkles and improving skin elasticity and hydration.

Collagen supplementation revealed a significant decrease in the stiffness subscore, whereas the pain and functional limitation subscores did not have substantial differences.

Vitamin C-enriched gelatin and hydrolyzed collagen supplementation may improve collagen synthesis when taken 1 hr before exercise.

Research shows that electrolyte content makes the largest contribution to beverage hydration efficacy, with sodium and potassium significantly improving fluid retention compared to water alone.

A 28-day double-blind trial found that B vitamin complex supplementation increased running time to exhaustion by 1.26-fold while significantly reducing blood lactate and ammonia during exercise.

A meta-analysis of 15 studies with 184 subjects confirmed that calcium citrate absorption exceeds calcium carbonate by 22-27%, regardless of whether taken with or without food.

A meta-analysis of 33 studies with 413 subjects found that dehydration significantly impaired cognitive performance across all domains, with attention most severely affected.

An RCT with 174 healthy young adults demonstrated that water plus electrolytes was most effective at preventing cognitive decline, significantly improving attention performance and working memory response times compared to water alone.

A large meta-analysis of 95 studies with 46,175 participants found that B vitamin supplementation significantly benefited cognitive function, with effects stronger for interventions exceeding 12 months.

A study showed that two-month oral supplementation with H. erinaceus reversed the age-decline of recognition memory.

Scientists speculate that various chemical compounds, including hericenones, in the mushroom have multiple effects on the brain's neural networks and improve cognitive functions.

Study results show that Lion's mane mushroom intake can reduce depression and anxiety.

Research has revealed the potential of H. erinaceus extract as an effective complementary therapy to traditional geriatric treatments, highlighting its impressive efficacy in non-pharmacological approaches.

Magnesium supplementation has proven benefits for treating symptoms of daily psychological stress (fatigue, irritability, sleep). It has been shown that subjects with mental and physical stress can benefit from a daily magnesium intake.

Various dietetic investigations have shown that many people (about 20%) constantly consume lower quantities of Mg than recommended; moreover, in this category, a lower bone mineral density and a higher fracturing risk have been found.

This study suggests that lower dietary magnesium intake was associated with higher BP and stroke risk, which may have implications for primary prevention.

Based on magnesium’s many functions within the human body, it plays an essential role in preventing and treating many diseases. Low magnesium levels have been associated with many chronic conditions, such as Alzheimer’s disease, insulin resistance and type-2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cardiovascular disease (e.g., stroke), migraine headaches, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

In conducted studies, moringa leaves have reduced glycemia without causing any adverse effects. The proposed mechanisms for reducing glycemia include inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities, increased glucose uptake in the muscles and liver, inhibition of glucose uptake from the intestine, decreased gluconeogenesis in the liver, and increased insulin secretion and sensitivity.

Various animal studies have assessed the general safety of moringa extracts and have demonstrated a very high degree of safety.

Moringa possesses a wide range of medicinal and therapeutic properties through executing its potent anti-inflammatory activity, inhibiting the activation of NF-κB and PI3K/Akt pathways, mitigating oxidative stress by scavenging free radicals, and enhancing neuroprotective roles. In addition, Moringa can reduce the risk of cancer and modulate blood glucose. Therefore, Moringa provides the potential for the prevention or treatment of a series of chronic diseases.

Aqueous extract of moringa leaves (MOAE) was administered orally at a 200 mg/kg body weight dosage for 30 days. MOAE treatment showed a significant reduction in lipid peroxidation and lipofuscin pigmentation and elevated serotonin and antioxidant enzymes in the brains of treated groups of aged rats. The present result suggests the protective efficacy of moringa against age-related oxidative stress in the brain.

Some studies found that G. lucidum prevented from heart damage in a variety of disease models, such as streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic, high-fat-diet-induced diabetic, isoprenaline (ISO)-induced myocardial hypertrophy, acute ethanol-induced heart toxicity, and transverse aortic constriction (TAC) models.

Studies show that Cordyceps and its active principles possess a wide range of pharmacological actions, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor, antihyperglycaemic, antiapoptosis, immunomodulatory, nephroprotective, and hepatoprotective.

Lion's mane mushroom has been reported to have anti-microbial, anti-hypertensive, anti-diabetic, and wound-healing properties, among other therapeutic potentials.

Medicinal mushrooms and their extract have many bioactive components called secondary metabolites. The presence of polysaccharide β-glucans or polysaccharide-protein complexes content in the mushroom extract have great therapeutic applications in human health as they possess many properties such as anti-diabetic, anti-cancerous, anti-obesity, immunomodulatory, hypocholesteremia, hepatoprotective nature along with anti-aging.

Fractions of Chaga water extract exhibited a virucidal effect on hepatitis C virus: it 100-fold reduced its infective properties within 10 min.

A review offers a systematic understanding of how resveratrol targets multiple inflammatory components and exerts immune-regulatory effects on immune cells.

In clinical trials, resveratrol moderately diminished systolic blood pressure in hypertensive patients and blood glucose in patients with diabetes mellitus.

In this review, the anti-inflammatory activity and the mechanism of resveratrol modulate the inflammatory response are examined.

Resveratrol could be a useful regimen for the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome and its related conditions.

As a natural food ingredient, numerous studies have demonstrated that resveratrol possesses a very high antioxidant potential.

BioPerine (piperine) increases the bioavailability of nutrients by 2,000% when co-administered. In human volunteers, 20mg of piperine with curcumin resulted in a 20-fold increase in absorption by inhibiting metabolic breakdown in the liver and intestines.

In a randomized controlled trial with knee osteoarthritis patients, burdock root tea significantly decreased inflammatory markers IL-6 (P=0.002) and hs-CRP (P=0.003), while total antioxidant capacity increased significantly (P<0.001).

Irish Moss water extract provided 28% protection against lethal bacterial infection and upregulated 13 of 14 tested innate immune genes by 2-fold or greater. Kappa-carrageenan was identified as the key immunomodulatory compound.

Pharmaceutical-grade fucoidan from Bladderwrack upregulated anti-inflammatory marker CD206 by 28-fold and IL-10 by 22-fold. In living models, macrophage activation dropped from 41% to 9% in inflammation testing.

A 12-week randomized controlled trial found burdock root extract stimulated collagen synthesis, increased hyaluronan production, and significantly reduced wrinkle volume in the crow's feet area while decreasing inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α.

Dietary supplementation with Irish Moss increased beneficial Bifidobacterium breve bacteria by 4.9-fold (p=0.001) while reducing pathogenic species. Short-chain fatty acids critical for gut health were elevated, and plasma immunoglobulins IgA and IgG increased.

Vitamin D supplementation may be useful in hypercholesterolemia patients with vitamin D insufficiency who are at high risk of cardiovascular diseases.

A study showed that vitamin D supplementation was safe and protected against acute respiratory tract infection overall. Patients who were very vitamin D deficient, and those not receiving bolus doses experienced the most benefit.

Results of a self-report measure showed that vitamin D3 significantly enhanced positive affect and there was some evidence of a reduction in negative affect when dealing with seasonality.

Observational studies report higher blood pressure (BP) among individuals with lower 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration.